Rapid vegetation regeneration in a seriously degraded Rhanterium epapposum community in northern Kuwait after 4 years of protection

A study was carried out in northern Kuwait to investigate vegetation recovery in sandy depressions in the Sabriya oilfield ('Sabriya-IN'), 4 years after it was completely protected from livestock grazing and other anthropogenic activities which have largely depleted the dwarf shrub vegetation. This vegetation was compared with that in seriously overgrazed depressions outside the oilfield ('Sabriya-OUT'), where negative influences persist, and with a sandy site in central Kuwait which has been protected for over 20 years ('Sulaibiya'). There has been a striking recovery of the dwarf shrub vegetation in Sabriya-IN during the 4 years, with cover values of shrubs as high as at Sulaibiya. Rhanterium epapposum has been the main species to benefit from protection. However, the shrubs have not regenerated from seed, but rather from underground stumps that have probably remained in the soil for decades. Cover values of the annual flora at Sabriya-IN were very similar to those at Sulaibiya, and they were significantly higher than at Sabriya-OUT. However, it appears that some species may have disappeared or become extremely rare at Sabriya-IN when compared with Sulaibiya, as Sabriya-IN and Sabriya-OUT are remarkably similar floristically. Despite the impressive regeneration of the dwarf shrub vegetation at Sabriya-IN, which contradicts the view that vegetation recovery is a slow process in desert ecosystems, it is important to consider what the natural vegetation was in this part of the world. It is suggested that the region was once dominated by an open Acacia woodland, in which perennial grasses comprised most of the ground layer, and that the current dwarf shrub vegetation is a response to decades, if not centuries, of moderate to heavy grazing.     

精准扶贫下社区发展基金(CDF)项目的多元管理与机制创新——基于内蒙古阿拉善盟的实证研究

内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟的荒漠生态系统是我国西北地区的一条重要生态防线,其生态环境直接影响到首都北京和华北地区的生态安全。精准扶贫是党和政府推动国家发展的重要战略目标。2015年11月-2017年1月,采用入户访问和半结构访谈的方式,对阿拉善盟开展社区发展基金项目的4个嘎查(村)的农户进行随机问卷调查。并分别在2005年、2008年、2015年对其中两个嘎查参与社区发展基金项目的15位农户的家庭收入和产业结构进行跟踪调查研究。结果表明:该区域将已有社区发展基金项目和政府精准扶贫重点项目相结合,实现了政府资本、社会资本(SEE)、民间资本(村民)的整合和统筹使用,提高了公共资金的使用效率;参加社区发展基金项目后,社区村民的收入结构和产业结构发生了大幅变化,促进了农业的转型升级,即提升了村民的自我管理能力,拓展了村民的收入来源,减轻了村民对区域自然资源的依赖程度,有利于村民的减贫和区域可持续发展。该区域集政府资本、社会资本(SEE)、民间资本(村民)等多方资金为一体的社区发展基金项目,为荒漠复合生态系统的建设和区域经济可持续发展提供了借鉴,是我国当前生态文明建设的有益尝试。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的观测研究

对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区进行了长达6a的试验观测研究,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的基本特征:塔中地区浮尘、扬沙出现日数呈上升趋势,而沙尘暴日数呈下降趋势,沙尘天气出现的频率和强度是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶浓度的主要因素.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)月平均质量浓度峰值区分布在春夏两个季节,3~5月是主峰值区域,7~8月是次峰值区,春季PM10平均浓度在1000mg/m3左右变化,夏季在400~900mg/m3之间,秋冬两季浓度较低基本上在200~400mg/m3之间变化.每年的3~9月是总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)质量浓度较高的月份,4~5月是主峰值区,7~8月为次峰值区;2005年TSP质量浓度最低,年平均值为1105.0mg/m3,2009年略高于2008年,年平均浓度为1878.0 mg/m3,2008年5月TSP平均质量浓度是全年最高值,浓度值达到7415.0mg/m3.沙尘天气过程中大气颗粒物浓度变化具有以下规律:晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气．风速大小直接影响大气中颗粒物浓度,风速越大颗粒物浓度越高.气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中颗粒物浓度的变化.     

Effects of Protective Fencing on Birds, Lizards, and Black-Tailed Hares in the Western Mojave Desert

Lepus californicus ), perennial plant cover, and structural diversity of perennial plants were evaluated from spring 1994 through winter 1995 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA), in the Mojave Desert, California. Abundance and species richness of birds were higher inside than outside the DTNA, and effects were larger during breeding than wintering seasons and during a high than a low rainfall year. Ash-throated flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens), cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), LeConte's thrashers (Toxostoma lecontei), loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), sage sparrows (Amphispiza belli), and verdins (Auriparus flaviceps) were more abundant inside than outside the DTNA. Nesting activity was also more frequent inside. Total abundance and species richness of lizards and individual abundances of western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorous tigris) and desert spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister) were higher inside than outside. In contrast, abundance of black-tailed hares was lower inside. Structural diversity of the perennial plant community did not differ due to protection, but cover was 50% higher in protected areas. Black-tailed hares generally prefer areas of low perennial plant cover, which may explain why they were more abundant outside than inside the DTNA. Habitat structure may not affect bird and lizard communities as much as availability of food at this desert site, and the greater abundance and species richness of vertebrates inside than outside the DTNA may correlate with abundances of seeds and invertebrate prey.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区沙尘气溶胶光学特性及其加热率的时空分布特征

沙尘不同的垂直分布对大气的加热作用不同，通过卫星观测结合数值模拟，可以更清楚地了解沙尘辐射加热作用，有利于理解沙尘对该地区大气热结构的影响机制.因此，本研究利用CALIPSO气溶胶产品和SBDART模式，分析了2007—2020年塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原沙尘气溶胶及其短波加热率的时空分布特征.结果表明，塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的年平均沙尘气溶胶光学厚度（DAOD，532 nm）分别为0.300~0.350和0.086~0.108，平均值分别为0.328和0.097.塔克拉玛干沙漠季节平均DAOD的最大、最小值分别出现在春季和冬季，而青藏高原的 最大、最小值分别出现在夏季和秋季.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的沙尘消光系数（σD）最大值分别出现在春季和夏季.2007—2020年，两地的σD在春季均呈增加趋势，而在秋季则呈减小趋势.春季和夏季的短波沙尘加热率（SW DHR）均大于其它两个季节，其中春季最大，塔克拉玛干沙漠上空冬季最弱，青藏高原上空秋季最弱.春夏季，青藏高原北坡存在较强沙尘加热层，其顶部高于5 km，其强度及高值区从春季到冬季 逐渐减小.从年变化来看，春季短波加热率呈加强趋势，秋季呈减弱趋势.柴达木盆地是青藏高原上空沙尘加热率（DHR）最高的区域，对高原沙尘输送和辐射加热有重要作用.     

沙漠尾水综合利用模式探讨研究——以群克消纳地尾水处理工程为例

水资源匮乏成为当前世界改善沙漠生态环境面临的凸出问题之一，合理利用企业尾水成为缓解甚至实现改善沙漠环境的一种尝试。研究以群克消纳地沙漠尾水处理工程为例，提出一种针对尾水沙漠综合利用的新型技术模式。通过研究分析尾水对周边水域、土壤以及绿地植物、脊椎动物、水体生物的影响，结合科学的评价方法，对沙漠尾水综合利用进行评价，得出以下结论:群克消纳地尾水沙漠综合利用的规范化技术新型技术工程有利于周边生态环境变好，对动植物、水体、土壤等没有不良影响;水域边上植被盖度增加，对周边活动沙丘固定起到初步积极作用，同时，也为周边动植物提供栖息场所以及生长发育的环境基础;区域生态环境恢复良好，形成了与区域自然水体类似的生态系统结构，群克消纳地尾水处理工程形成的稳定的生态系统表明，在沙漠中采用无害、生态性的尾水处理技术是可行的。     

“林光互补”:库布其沙漠治理的探索

从单一的工程措施到复合生态治理是沙漠治理的必然趋势。为探寻沙漠复合生态治理的可行性方案，探究复合生态治理的实践过程和综合效益。通过对库布其沙漠“林光互补”的实践，进行案例研究。发现“林光互补”复合生态治理，以在沙漠地区建设光伏板的方式，将太阳能转换为电能，利用光伏板下降温增湿的优点，发展板下种植，实现经济效益的同时，减少了风沙对发电设备的影响，促进了当地生态的修复。“林光互补”的复合生态治理将经济发展与生态修复互构，促进沙漠地区的良性运行。同时还应考虑生态与人类生活的关系问题，实现沙漠治理的可持续发展。